Douglas (1966) (cited in Asquith, 2017, p.1), for instance, described deviance as a “matter out of place”. Scholars and theorists categorise the two as something that is not related to an established system or does not fit into it. Next, notions of crime and deviance themselves need to be categorised and differentiated. Issues of crime and deviance directly derive from the functionalist system’s components, which are responsible for ensuring continuous functionality and well-being. As a result, three fundamental societal needs were established, which are operation, regulation, and distribution, while governments were meant to enforce them (Turner, 2017). In response to the increasing success of engineering and technology, early supporters of functionalism attempted to connect and explain cultural aspects through natural sciences, such as biological theory (Turner, 2017). The structure functions to maintain interaction that is necessary for keeping political, economic, and cultural equilibrium in society (Fourie, 2016). According to Turner (2017, p.1), “functionalism was sociology’s first major theoretical and methodological approach for understanding the social universe”, which invented the idea of structures and systems of connections not only between humans but also among other organisms. This paper will analyse the functionalist approach towards the role of crime and deviance in society and evaluate its implications in the modern world.įirst, it is important to begin with an overall overview of the theory. While the functionalism theory has lost its widespread application and use, its ideas continue to guide many scholars even today. They believe that acts of crime and deviance play a significant role in fulfilling the societal needs and preventing the breakdown of an established structure (Turner, 2017). Functionalists discover and explain the issue by looking at society from a structural and systematic perspective, emphasising the role of order and interdependence within the system (Fourie, 2016). Others believe that it is the nature of a human being and of the human interaction as a whole. Some argue that it is due to contemporary economic and political approaches that prevent people prosperity and promote unethical conduct. This study enhances our comprehension of the corrosion mechanism in Ti metal.The utopian vision of a peaceful world, in which all of the wars would end and violence vanish, has never been realised in practice. The electrode potential shift for a Ti atom dissolving from the Ti(0001)/O surface is positive, indicating that oxidation impedes the formation of Ti vacancies, rendering Ti atoms less soluble. The surface vacancy formation energy of Ti on the Ti(0001)/O surface surpasses that on the clean surface. The formation of an O monolayer on the Ti(0001) surface increases the work function ( Φ), positively shifting the equilibrium potential and reducing the corrosion rate. The thermodynamic results reveal that bulk TiO 2 easily forms at 300 K, which explains the spontaneous passivation of the Ti(0001) surface. The passivation of the Ti(0001) surface is predominantly ascribed to the robust adsorption of O atoms. Additionally, the impact of O adsorption on Ti dissolution is assessed by introducing a Ti vacancy on the Ti(0001) surface. Herein, density functional theory calculations are employed to examine the adsorption energies, structural properties, electronic structures, and thermodynamic stability of atomic O on Ti(0001) surfaces during initial oxidation. The electrochemical corrosion of Ti surfaces is significantly affected by O adsorption, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored.
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