![]() The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Schulz was in part funded by the Helmholtz Alliance ICEMED - Imaging and Curing Environmental Metabolic Diseases, through the Initiative and Network Fund of the Helmholtz Association. Kathrin Reetz was funded by the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments (DFG ZUK32/1). Costa was supported by a PhD fellowship (SFRH/BD/65743/2009) from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and financed by the POPH – QREN Program. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Ana S. Received: FebruAccepted: AugPublished: October 27, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Tiffin-Richards et al. ![]() PLoS ONE 9(10):Įditor: Karl Herholz, University of Manchester, United Kingdom (2014) The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) - A Sensitive Screening Instrument for Detecting Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients. However, it compares favourably to the Mini Mental State Examination as a screening test that is sensitive to the milder forms of cognitive impairment that often accompany cerebrovascular disease.Citation: Tiffin-Richards FE, Costa AS, Holschbach B, Frank RD, Vassiliadou A, Krüger T, et al. Further research is needed to provide evidence for the validity of the MoCA in longitudinal studies. The MoCA correlates well with other measures of cognitive and functional abilities in patients with cerebrovascular disease, and may also predict future response to rehabilitation and long-term occupational outcome. Recent modifications of the MoCA have been developed for assessing patients with visual impairment or restricted mobility, which may reduce the impact of 'untestability' on cognitive screening in the clinic or research context. Evidence clearly supports the need to establish norms and cut-offs for the MoCA that are culturally appropriate and that are matched to the range of cognitive impairment that is present in the population being assessed. Nevertheless, content validity evidence suggests that the MoCA covers most of the domains that represent cognitive impairment in cerebrovascular disease, with mixed evidence for its preferential sensitivity to the type of cognitive impairment encountered in the context of vascular disease. ![]() ![]() Under-specification of the exclusion criteria applied and their impact make it difficult to assess the potential impact of sampling bias and loss to follow-up. Reporting of the methods and results of such studies tended to fall short of the established reporting guidelines. A total of 30 papers employing the MoCA in the context of cerebrovascular disease were identified. This paper presents a critical review of the research literature evaluating the validity and utility of this test with the aim of informing future clinical and research practice. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been suggested as a brief screening test of vascular cognitive impairment. Recognition and monitoring of mild cognitive impairment is thus essential to good patient care. Cognitive impairment is common among patients with stroke or other cerebrovascular disease and influences long-term outcome, including occupational functioning.
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